The porcelain of ceramic water cups can be roughly divided into high temperature porcelain (mainly white porcelain), medium temperature porcelain (stoneware), bone china, reinforced porcelain, and magnesia reinforced porcelain. White ceramic cups belong to high-temperature porcelain, and color-glazed cups belong to medium-temperature porcelain, which can also be called stoneware.
1. Porcelain
High-temperature porcelain, which is fired above 1300 degrees, is called high-temperature porcelain. It is mainly white porcelain, with transparent glaze as the main glaze. The product has good whiteness and belongs to mid-range porcelain. The carcass is dense and the water absorption rate is less than or equal to 0.5%. The higher the temperature, the greater the crystal density of the glaze, the higher the strength of the porcelain surface, and the less likely to cause scratches. The dinnerware does not need detergent when cleaning without oil, and the tea set does not have tea stains. The color is “white” and the white is not yellow. “The nickname.
High temperature porcelain can also be fired again at high temperature
High temperature porcelain is relatively crisp
High temperature porcelain hardness is stronger
The color of high-temperature porcelain is fuller, more delicate, and crystal clear
2. Medium temperature porcelain (stoneware)
Also known as stoneware porcelain, the firing temperature is around 1200 °C, and the water absorption rate is higher than that of white porcelain, ≤6%. The white porcelain stoneware cup is made of milky white glaze, and it can also be made into a variety of color-glazed ceramic cups. The cost is higher than that of white porcelain. Slightly lower, it is the best choice for advertising and promoting ceramic mugs. With milky white or color glaze as the main raw material, the whiteness is dark, and the color glaze is the main material, which belongs to the middle-grade porcelain.
3. Bonechina
Abbreviated as bone china, also known as bone china, the production began in the United Kingdom. The academic community generally believes that the first Englishman who successfully produced bone china was Josiah Spode (1755-1827). Josiah Spode directly mixed calcined bones with china clay and mineral flux to become the traditional raw material for hard porcelain, which was successfully tested in the early 19th century. Then he began to carry out systematic research on the production of bone china formulations. At the end of 1821, the proportion of ashes and porcelain stones was “standardized”. At that time, it was considered that the porcelain produced by feldspar as a flux containing 46% of ashes was the most Good product.
The firing temperature is 1200°C, and the raw material contains beef and sheep bone meal. The grade depends on the bone meal content. The higher the bone meal content, the higher the grade. Three characteristics of thin, light and transparent, milky white, belong to high-grade porcelain. The same cup type, bone china cups are much lighter than white porcelain, stoneware porcelain, and reinforced porcelain cups, and have good light transmittance, showing a natural milky white color, and the sound of hand buckles is as sweet as a bell. It is most suitable for making high-grade gift daily-use porcelain.
The two basic characteristics of bone china are the essential basis for distinguishing bone china from other china.
Feature 1: The bone char content is more than 36% (national standard);
Feature 2: After secondary firing (bisque firing, glaze firing). According to the bone china standard set by the United Kingdom, it contains 30% tricalcium phosphate from animal bones, and the finished product is light-transmitting, so it is called bone china. The American standard is at least 25 percent.
Manufacturing process
raw material
Excellent bone china is formed by adding a large amount of bovine bone powder with less impurities to the raw materials with feldspar and kiwi clay as the main raw materials. Therefore, in the production process, the forming production needs to be extra careful.
fired
(1) After forming and processing, the highest temperature of 1250 °C is used for sintering. During the sintering process, the shrinkage rate of bone china is very large, so the finished product will shrink by 20% after kiln firing (generally, porcelain shrinks by 7%), so the shape is easily deformed and the plate , bowls, etc. must be placed on the special bowl to cook for a long time.
(2) After that, check the shape and size, grind the surface, spray the glaze with a sprayer, and enter the kiln for glaze firing at 1150°C.
color
The general coloring method is to paste transfer paper on the white finished product and bake it at 820°C.
an examination
All trips are strictly inspected, and only qualified products are sent to the next trip, and finished products are shipped.
Variety difference
new bone china
New bone china is generally called NewBone. No one at the Canton Fair added the word china after its name. It was originally a kind of ordinary high-white porcelain. The shrewd manufacturer gave a name of Panlong Fufeng, called New Bone China. The main differences between it and bone china (bone china) are as follows:
1. The raw materials used are different. More than 40% bone powder is added to the bone china, and no bone powder is added to the new bone china;
2. Bone china is fired twice, and new bone china is fired once;
3. Compared with new bone china, bone china has softer whiteness, higher transparency, lighter porcelain, and its appearance is much better than that of new bone china;
4. Listen to the sound: Hold the bone china in the palm of your hand, and hit the bone china bowl with a pen or a small stick, it will make a sound like a bell;
All in all, the new bone china is not a new variety of bone china, but just borrowed its name.
low bone china
Low bone china is a newly developed type of porcelain, which is somewhat related to bone china. Generally speaking, the porcelain with 10% bone powder in the raw material can be called low bone china, while the normal bone china generally contains about 40% bone powder; it has almost the same transparency, thinness and smoothness as bone china, but the price is higher than that of bone china. Bone china is much cheaper. As a result, it was welcomed by various mid-to-low-end hotels as soon as it appeared on the market. It has the following characteristics:
1. The color of low bone china is natural milky white unique to natural bone meal, beautiful and generous!
2. Beautiful appearance: The porcelain is delicate and transparent, the shape is beautiful and elegant, the color surface is moist like jade, and the flower surface is colorful.
3. The product has high strength, is fine and hard, not easy to wear and tear, and does not crack in one heat exchange between 180 ° C and 20 ° C water, and the water absorption rate is less than 0.003%, suitable for dishwashers.
4. With light transmittance and light texture, it is mainly suitable for the setting of the front hall of the mid-end hotel, the setting of the high-end hotel and the use of the kitchen.
Although low bone china has most of the characteristics of bone china and is popular, there are still some differences between the two:
1. Difference in the content of bone powder: Generally, 10% bone powder can be called low bone china, while bone china needs to contain more than 30%.
2. High bone china requires two firings, while low bone china only needs one firing.
3. The glazing of high bone china should be done after the product is bisque fired and then glazed by a spray gun, while the glazing of low bone china only needs to immerse the mud body in the glaze and then take it out to dry.
Note that in general, most of the bone china produced in Tangshan is high bone china, and most of Jingdezhen is low bone china.
The difference between white china and bone china
How to distinguish between white china and bone china when purchasing? In fact, the method is very simple. To sum up, it is the following four points: assessing weight, observing shape, distinguishing color, and listening to sound.
Estimated weight: If the weight of white china and bone china are compared, the weight of the same porcelain shape is generally slightly heavier for white china and lighter for bone china.
Appearance of shape: Distinguish in shape, because of the reasons of craftsmanship and raw materials, bone china is thinner than white porcelain, rounder and smoother in shape, and better in light transmission.
Color discrimination: high-grade bone china is fine and dense, with a smooth surface, bright glaze, and a natural milky white color. The higher the bone powder content, the closer to milky white. It’s very obvious.
Listening: In terms of timbre, white porcelain is heavier and thicker, and the two bowls make a “ding” sound when they touch each other, and there is basically no echo; while two high-grade bone china bowls are placed on flat hands. Collision, pay attention, bone china is porcelain fired at high temperature, the hardness is very high, such a collision will not be damaged, please rest assured, you can collide with a little force, high-grade bone china, After the collision, the sound of “clang” is as crisp as a bell, and there is an echo.
4. Reinforced porcelain
DURABLECHINA is the best-selling daily-use porcelain. Its main features are: high impact resistance and flexural strength of the material. , In the firing process, the high temperature structure of the porcelain body has high strength, and the firing deformation is small. Reinforced porcelain products are popular among consumers because they are not easy to break the edge and are durable.
It is not easy to break, the texture is hard, the molding degree is high, and it is resistant to collision and collision. However, the content of heavy metals such as lead and chromium is relatively large, and the price is relatively low.
Delicate porcelain: soft whiteness, strong light transmission, showing a texture and brightness different from ordinary porcelain, exuding the noble temperament of aristocracy.
The shape of the vessel is regular: the picture is brighter and the glaze texture is better.
Good thermal insulation: Compared with traditional porcelain, reinforced porcelain has better thermal insulation, and you can feel more when drinking coffee or tea.
Environmentally friendly porcelain: Most of the reinforced porcelain is a low lead product. Because it is the basic guarantee of European and American society, it is on par with Europe and the United States in terms of product quality.
Better strength, thinner carcass, lighter specific gravity: Because the composition of reinforced porcelain is different from that of ordinary porcelain, it can be thinner, tougher and more wear-resistant.
Reinforced porcelain is high-quality porcelain by adding aluminum, magnesium and other ingredients or using magnesia stone powder and high feldspar powder as the main raw materials and then firing at 1340 degrees Celsius to make them recrystallized and combined, magnetized into a substance, resistant to collision and collision. It’s its housekeeping skills.
The firing temperature of reinforced porcelain is about 1200 ℃, which is suitable for large temperature difference. The glaze is high gloss and good transparency, so that the product has high whiteness, fine glaze and slightly better transparency, which belongs to high-grade porcelain.
The main raw material is talc, which has the characteristics of high whiteness and high strength, and is resistant to acid, alkali and scratches. , acid and alkali resistance, easy to wash performance, can withstand the collision of kitchen operations, not easy to damage, suitable for mechanical washing, microwave ovens, electric ovens, is the most ideal Chinese and Western restaurants, restaurants and modern households. It has now been designated as the porcelain for state banquets in the Great Hall of the People and the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse.
product comparison
(1) Color-glazed porcelain dinnerware, color-glazed porcelain is directly painted on the embryo before the product is fired, and it is fired at a high temperature. It belongs to underglaze ceramics, and the patterns on the porcelain are artificially painted, which has artistic value.
(2) Shell porcelain dinnerware, shell porcelain is made of high-white clay, high-white glaze and shell powder by scientific formula, fired at a high temperature of more than 1200 degrees Celsius, then painted, glazed again, and passed through the second time. High temperature firing makes it non-toxic, lead-free, harmless and never fade, not easy to break, suitable for washing in the dishwasher.
(3) Strengthening porcelain dinnerware, strengthening porcelain is high-quality porcelain clay with aluminum and magnesium components added to it and then fired at about 1300 degrees Celsius, so that they can be recrystallized and combined, magnetized into a substance, and its resistance to collision and collision is its look. Home skills.
(4) Magnesium reinforced porcelain dinnerware is made of magnesia stone powder and high feldspar powder as the main raw materials and fired at a high temperature of about 1340 degrees Celsius. It has high strength, low brittleness, high whiteness and smooth glaze. , The service life is 3-5 times that of ordinary ceramics, and it is an ideal product suitable for disinfection of dinnerware among all daily-use ceramics.
(5) Magnesium porcelain dinnerware, magnesia porcelain is mainly made of talc, which is rich in magnesium silicate minerals, as the main raw material of porcelain mud, and is fired at a high temperature of 1380 degrees Celsius.
Post time: Nov-07-2022